However, independent historical sources do not substantiate this claim and later historians have disputed it as well. The south is represented by Huitzilopochtli who is the Blue Tezcatlipoca and the god of war. For instance, he was considered the god of wind and wisdom or learning. The attributes of Quetzalcoatl varied in different cultures of Mesoamerica during different eras. eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'aztecsandtenochtitlan_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_9',700,'0','0']));This is evident in the iconography recovered from these sites. Hernando Cortes , Spanish conquistador, attacking natives in Mexico. Aztec god Quetzalcoatl, the Feathered Serpent. The name is a combination of quetzalli, a brightly colored Mesoamerican bird, and coatl, which means serpent; it is therefore usually translated as "feathered serpent" or "plumed serpent". Today we explore some Mesoamerican mythology. Omissions? The city of Cholula, in particular, was known for the importance it laid on the deity of the feathered serpent. eval(ez_write_tag([[336,280],'aztecsandtenochtitlan_com-box-4','ezslot_6',261,'0','0']));Similarly, various other birth stories are also associated with Quetzalcoatl. In the 16th century, Spaniards conquered the Aztec Empire. 1 Appearance 2 Overview 3 History 4 Gallery He appears as a mix of bird and rattle snake and his name is a combination of the Nahuatl words for the quetzal, the emerald plumed bird, and coatl or serpent. Quetzalcóatl’s calendar name was Ce Acatl (One Reed). In the extant Mayan sources, it has been revealed that Quetzalcoatl, or the Feathered Serpent, was associated with warfare as well as fertility. Quetzalcoatl, the Aztec version of the Feathered Serpent deity, was the god of wind, bringer of maize, and instrumental in the creation of the Aztec universe. He never offered human victims, only snakes, birds, and butterflies. These sources further claimed that it was because of this superstition that Moctezuma II invited Cortes as a guest and didn’t harm him or his soldiers. Quetzalcoatl taught many of the same things as Kukulcan and once Spanish conquistadors began to arrive in Mesoamerica they were also accepted as gods by the Aztecs. He is one of the four sons of Ometecuhtli and Omecihuatl, he was often considered the god of the morning star, and his twin brother Xolotl was the evening star (Venus). The city was known as the center of Quetzalcoatl’s worship. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Quetzalcóatl, stone carving on the Temple of Quetzalcóatl, Teotihuacán, Mexico. Hernan Cortes, who led the Spaniards, was first invited into the city by Aztec Emperor Moctezuma II. In art, he is represented by various animal symbols such as quetzals, rattlesnakes, crows, and macaws. According to another mythological account, he was conceived by the virgin Chimalman after she swallowed an emerald. According to the Aztecs, Quetzalcoatl was one of the four sons of Tonacateuctli and Tonacacihuatl, the original creator gods . But the god of the night sky, Tezcatlipoca, expelled him from Tula by performing feats of black magic. He helped create the cosmos and instigated the system of universal death and rebirth. This is largely due to the story that the Aztec king welcomed Hernán Cortés, the Spanish conquistador, as the reincarnation of the god. Quetzalcoatl is one of the most important gods in ancient Aztec Mesoamerica. Quetzalcoatl, whose name means ‘feathered serpent’, was another main god of the Aztec and played a significant role in Aztec history. He figures most prominently in the Aztec mythology but it was in the city of Cholula that the cult of Quetzalcoatl enjoyed influence and prominence during the Classic Period of Mesoamerica. Aztec Gods Quetzalcoatl Tezcatlipoca – Quetzalcoatl occupied a unique position in the Aztec pantheon and was considered one of the most important gods. Quetzalcóatl ruled over the days that bore the name ehécatl (“wind”) and over the 18th 13-day series of the ritual calendar. He was also associated with the creation of mankind, so he also possibly occupied the role of creator in the Aztec mythology. In one version of the myth, the two brothers constantly fight with each other, which resulted in the creation and destruction of several successive ages. In this legend, Mixcoatl shot at Chimalma for spurning his advances. Circular temples were believed to please Ehécatl because they offered no sharp obstacles to the wind. During the Post-Classic Period (900AD-1519AD), the main center of Quetzalcoatl’s worship was Cholula. As the morning and evening star, Quetzalcóatl was the symbol of death and resurrection. Often he is also represented as spider monkeys, ducks, and other animals or beings of nature. There is also rich iconography, sculpture, and mythology associated with Quetzalcoatl among all the major cultures of Mesoamerica not just in history but also in the modern world. Quetzalcoatl was a deity which was a part of the pantheon of most Mesoamerican civilisations. On the other hand, the snake was considered a vital instrument to help bring visions from the underworld to the Mayan kings. According to this myth, the four sons of Ometecuhtli and Omecihuatl, one of them being Quetzalcoatl, represent the four cardinal directions. While this legend is disputed, it is clear that Quetzalcoatl was an important deity to the Aztecs and other people of Mexico and Central America. Before he left, however, he promised to return. Corrections? Quetzalcoatl has been worshiped by all the major Mesoamerican cultures including the Mayans and the Aztecs. Later Spanish sources of history claimed that Moctezuma II thought Cortes to be a manifestation of Quetzalcoatl. In Aztec times (14th through 16th centuries) Quetzalcóatl was revered as the patron of priests, the inventor of the calendar and of books, and the protector of goldsmiths and other craftsmen; he was also identified with the planet Venus. Quetzalcoatl was an important god throughout Mesoamerican history and societies and was not just related to the Aztecs. The Aztec Feathered Serpent was discovered, along with several other sculptures of coiled serpents and jaguarsin the ancient Aztec city of Tenochtitlan which is now modern day … Quetzalcóatl, Mayan name Kukulcán, (from Nahuatl quetzalli, “tail feather of the quetzal bird [Pharomachrus mocinno],” and coatl, “snake”), the Feathered Serpent, one of the major deities of the ancient Mexican pantheon. In Aztec mythology he was the brother of Tezcatlipoca, Huizilopochtli and Xipe Totec. Quetzalcoatl is a Mesoamerican god whose name literally means “feathered serpent”. The belief that he would return from the east in a One Reed year led the Aztec sovereign Montezuma II to regard the Spanish conqueror Hernán Cortés and his comrades as divine envoys, because 1519, the year in which they landed on the Mexican Gulf coast, was a One Reed year. One such myth is that the Aztecs believed that Hernan Cortes, the leader of a band of conquistadors, was in fact a reincarnated deity by the name of Quetzalcoatl. Although he was generally listed as one of the first-rank deities, no ceremonial month was dedicated to his cult. Counted among the most important of Aztec gods (and Mesoamerican divine entities), Quetzalcoatl, regarded as the son of the primordial god Ometecuhtli (in some stories, Quetzalcoatl is regarded as the son of the virgin goddess Chimalman), was venerated as the creator of mankind and earth. Basalt statuette of the god Quetzalcoatl, the feathered serpent. Huitzilopochtli (pronounced Weetz-ee-loh-POSHT-lee) was the … The subsequent Toltec culture (9th through 12th centuries), centred at the city of Tula, emphasized war and human sacrifice linked with the worship of heavenly bodies. With the immigration of Nahua-speaking tribes from the north, Quetzalcóatl’s cult underwent drastic changes. Pre-Columbian civilization. The west is represented by Quetzalcoatl who is also the White Tezcatlipoca and the god of light, justice, mercy, and wind. His Roots Go Back as Far as the Ancient Olmec. Quetzalcoatl is the most recognizable name among the Aztec gods. Round monuments occur particularly often in Huastec territory. As the god of learning, of writing, and of books, Quetzalcóatl was particularly venerated in the calmecac, religious colleges annexed to the temples, in which the future priests and the sons of the nobility were educated. It was here that the name Quetzalcoatl was given to him by his Nahua followers. Mexica culture. Together they symbolize life and death. Variation of Transcendent Physiology. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Different versions of the birth of god are prevalent in Mesoamerican mythology. These, then, are the people that still inhabit the world. Aztec round dance for Quetzalcóatl and Xolotl (a dog-headed god who is Quetzalcóatl's companion), detail from a facsimile Codex Borbonicus (folio 26), c. 1520; original in … Quetzalcoatl: Aztec Mythology's Feathered Serpent | Aztec god Quetzalcoatl was represented with a serpent's head, a symbol for material goods, and a feathered body, a metaphor for spirituality. Quetzalcóatl was the son of the primordial androgynous god Ometeotl. Aztec God Quetzalcoatl – According to one myth, Quetzalcoatl was born to a virgin called Chimalman to whom god Onteol appeared in a dream. The feathered serpent, Quetzalcoatl. I decided to teach you a little bit of my culture..... Quetzalcoatl was a very important god in the aztec deitites.... sooo i hope you like it! Huitzilopochtli, Father of the Aztecs. He was a creator deity having contributed essentially to the creation of Mankind. During the 1st Age, for instance, Quetzalcoatl attacked Tez… At the end of the fourth cycle, when mankind had perished again according to the mythology, Quetzalcoatl created a new people with his blood. In tracing the history of the worship of Quetzalcoatl, … Quetzalcoatl occupied a unique position in the Aztec pantheon and was considered one of the most important gods. The first documented worship of Quetzalcoatl is found in Theotihuacan during the first century BC or first century AD. Quetzalcoatl was also related to gods of the wind, of Venus, of the dawn, of merchants and of arts, crafts and knowledge. Quetzalcoatl was one of the most important gods of the Aztecs and other peoples of Central America. At one hand, Mayans considered a snake as the embodiment of the cosmos. Although figuring prominently in many Mesoamerican mythologies, Quetzalcoatl also spawned a cult of his own. His sea voyage to the east should probably be connected with the invasion of Yucatán by the Itzá, a tribe that showed strong Toltec features. As the morning and evening star, Quetzalcóatl was the symbol of death and resurrection. Quetzalcoatl ’s brother is Xolotl and his mother is Top Goddess Coatlicue. Cholula is known to have remained the most important center of worship to Quetzalcoatl, the Aztec/Nahua version of the feathered serpent deity, in the postclassic period. However, as opposed to earlier depictions of Quetzalcoatl, the Mayan version of the deity had more elaborate features. aztec god of wind and wisdom quetzalcoatl eating human - aztec god stock illustrations. Mayans had deities with “feathered serpent” as their names. This Deity is a Dragon King that rules over the sky in Aztec mythology and is the creator of the fifth humanity. Quetzalcoatl was the third son of the dual creator god Ometeotl. Aztec mythology is the body or collection of myths of Aztec civilization of Central Mexico. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Sculptures such as the one above were made purely by hand with obsidian (volcanic glass) and stone tools. According to Aztec mythology, Earth had been through four cycles of Sun, each of which resulted in the destruction of mankind. ... Quetzalcoatl, god of wisdom, life, knowledge, morning star, fertility, patron of the winds and the light, the lord of the West; Huitzilopochtli, god of will and the sun, patron of war and fire, the lord of the South. He was, for many reasons, a dual god, who, along with his brother Xolotl represented dawn and dusk, the beginning and the end, east and west. To the Aztecs, Quetzalcoatl was, as his name indicates, a feathered serpent, a flying reptile (much like a dragon), who was a boundary-maker (and transgressor) between earth and sky. This task was not quite as simple as it seemed as the god of the underw… Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Aztec mythology is the body or collection of myths of Aztec civilization of Central Mexico. Representations of a feathered snake occur as early as the Teotihuacán civilization (3rd to 8th century ce) on the central plateau. This constitutes the Late Pre-Classic Period of the Mayan civilization. However, at the end of the second cycle, mankind became like monkeys and so Quetzalcoatl blew up the whole of mankind. © Copyright 2021 aztecsandtenochtitlan.com. Quetzalcóatl (pronounced: ketsalˈkoːaːtɬ in Nahuatl) is an Aztec sky and creator god. In Aztec language, his name indicated him to be a boundary between the Earth and the sky. Mexico and found those form the Aztec civilization. Mictlantecuhtli (left), god of death, the lord of the Underworld and Quetzalcoatl (right), god of wisdom, life, knowledge, morning star, patron of the winds and light, the lord of the West. The first century of the Toltec civilization was dominated by the Teotihuacán culture, with its inspired ideals of priestly rule and peaceful behaviour. Quetzalcóatl became the god of the morning and evening star, and his temple was the centre of ceremonial life in Tula. He is furthe… Quetzalcoatl and one of his brothers, Tezcatlipoca, were given the task of creating the world. Of these, Quetzalcoatl was the Sun in the second cycle. Quetzalcoatl is closely associated with the myth of the four cardinal directions. In addition to his guise as a plumed serpent, Quetzalcóatl was often represented as a man with a beard, and, as Ehécatl, the wind god, he was shown with a mask with two protruding tubes (through which the wind blew) and a conical hat typical of the Huastec people of east-central Mexico. His name means feathered serpent and he has been worshipped since 100 BC. Aztecs worshiped a similar god, Quetzalcoatl, who also matches the description of Kukulcan. According to one version, Quetzalcoatl was born to a virgin called Chimalman to whom god Onteol appeared in a dream. 1 Capabilities 2 Deities 2.1 Major Deities 2.2 Other Deities 2.3 Folk Saint Deities 3 Associations 4 Known Users 4.1 Anime/Manga 4.2 Television 4.3 Cartoons/Comics 4.4 Video Games 5 Gallery The user can have the traits and abilities of Aztec Gods and Goddesses. Updates? Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Blessed Be. He is often shown holding a shield and wearing a beautiful plumed headdress. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. He was also the patron god of the Aztec priesthood, of learning and knowledge. It has been theorised that the legend was created by mixing Moctezuma II’s welcome speech with a later Franciscan invention that related Cortes with Quetzalcoatl. Britannica now has a site just for parents! Chimalma caught the arrows in her hand, however, which i… Among the Aztecs, the name Quetzalcoatl was also a priestly title, as the two most important priests of the Aztec Templo Mayor were called "Quetzalcoatl Tla… Of these, Quetzalcoatl was the Sun in the second cycle. eval(ez_write_tag([[468,60],'aztecsandtenochtitlan_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_4',321,'0','0']));His most prominent manifestation in art, however, is literally that of a serpent with a feathered head. Quetzalcoatl is a primordial god of creation, a giver of life. As the story goes, the Aztec believed in a white, bearded god named Quetzalcoatl, who, long ago, had disappeared into the east. eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'aztecsandtenochtitlan_com-banner-1','ezslot_7',361,'0','0']));He is further related to the gods of wind, with human sacrifice and to the morning star in the Aztec mythology. Outside of Tenochtitlán, the main centre of Quetzalcóatl’s cult was Cholula, on the plateau region called Mesa Central. Cortes landed in Mexico in 1519. One important body of myths describes Quetzalcóatl as the priest-king of Tula, the capital of the Toltecs. In the Aztec creation myth Mictlantecuhtli attempted to delay the god Ehecatl-Quetzalcóatl on his journey into Mictlán. He also had anthropomorphic forms, for example in his aspects as Ehecatl the wind god. Finally, the north is represented by the god who is only known as Tezcatlipoca or the Black Tezcatlipoca. The legend of the victory of Tezcatlipoca over the Feathered Serpent probably reflects historical fact. If you have enjoyed this video, please leave a like as it helps a lot. Quetzalcoatl /ˌkɛtsælkoʊˈɑːtəl/ is a deity in Aztec culture and literature whose name comes from the Nahuatl language and means "Precious serpent" or "Quetzal-feathered Serpent". The famed Aztec Feathered Serpent God Son of Creator God biggie Ometecuhtli, he also makes the odd appearance as Ehecatl. The Myth of Quetzalcoatl: Religion, Rulership, And History In The Nahua World Paperback – November 7, 2015, Learn more about Quetzalcoatl at WikiPedia, Copyright - 2021 - Aztecs and Tenochtitlan. Each of these four sons presides over one of the four cardinal directions. In Aztec times (14th through 16th centuries) Quetzalcóatl was revered as the patron of priests, the inventor of the calendar and of books, and the protector of goldsmiths and other craftsmen; he was also identified with the planet Venus. The Feathered Serpent Quetzalcoatl. He is shown sometimes as a serpent and sometimes as a dark man with a red beak. Quetzalcoatl was a bringer of knowledge, the inventor of books, and associated with the planet Venus. Quetzalcoatl is also called White Tezcatlipoca, to contrast him to the black Tezcatlipoca. In yet another version, Quetzalcoatl is said to be one of the four sons of Ometecuhtli and Omecihuatl. eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'aztecsandtenochtitlan_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_2',341,'0','0']));By the Late Classic Period (600AD-900AD), it appears that the worship of Quetzalcoatl had spread throughout the Mesoamerican region. The east is represented by Xipe Totec who is the Red Tezcatlipoca and the god of gold and farming. He was also the ninth of the 13 gods of the daytime hours. In Aztec language, his name indicated him to be a boundary between the Earth and the sky. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. Most importantly, however, is the elevation of Quetzalcoatl to the status of a creator god. Stone sculptures such as the Aztec Feathered Serpent were made by Aztec artisans, and were routinely used for display in the worship of the Aztec gods. Aztec round dance for Quetzalcóatl and Xolotl (a dog-headed god who is Quetzalcóatl's companion), detail from a facsimile Codex Borbonicus (folio 26), c. 1520; original in the Chamber of Deputies, Paris, France. According to another version, he embarked upon a raft made of snakes and disappeared beyond the eastern horizon. Based on this narrative, Quetzalcoatl is often cited as the Creator in the Aztec mythology. Quetzalcoatl occupied a unique position in the Aztec pantheon and was considered one of the most important gods. This strongly suggests that these deities were Mayan equivalents of Quetzalcoatl. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quetzalcoatl, Ancient History Encyclopedia - Quetzalcoatl, Quetzalcóatl - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Quetzalcóatl - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). His older brothers were Xipe Totec and Tezcatlipoca while his younger brother was Huitzilopochtli. Quetzalcóatl wandered down to the coast of the “divine water” (the Atlantic Ocean) and then immolated himself on a pyre, emerging as the planet Venus. Amongst the tricks and difficult tasks Mictlantecuhtli set was to insist that Quetzalcoatl could only take the bones away with him if he went around the underworld four times blowing a conch-shell trumpet. He was worshiped among all the major cultures of the Mesoamerican region through history. Counted among the most important of Aztec gods (and Mesoamerican divine entities), Quetzalcoatl, regarded as the son of… His name in many cultures translated to “Feathered Serpent” and he was depicted in many iconographic illustrations. The temple of Quetzalcóatl at Tenochtitlán, the Aztec capital, was a round building, a shape that fitted the god’s personality as Ehécatl. While these stories vary, some said Mixcoatl(the Aztec god of the hunt) impregnated the goddess Chimalma by shooting an arrow from his bow. The serpent's coils are covered with feathers Aztec 1325-1521 ,Mexico, ( The Mayans - Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization in Yucatán Mexico and Belize in Central America ( 2600 BC - 1500 AD ) Pre Columbian American ) The pressure of the northern immigrants brought about a social and religious revolution, with a military ruling class seizing power from the priests. With his companion Xolotl, a dog-headed god, he was said to have descended to the underground hell of Mictlan to gather the bones of the ancient dead. He was also associated with the creation of mankind, so he also possibly occupied the role of creator in the Aztec mythology. Other legends posited that Quetzalcoatl was the son of the goddess Chimalma. As the Lord of the East he is associated with the morning star, … Quetzalcoatl was also linked with Aztec priesthood and one of the two high priests in the famous Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan assumed the title of Quetzalcoatl. Quetzalcoatl was searching for the bones of the creatures from the previous world of the 4th Sun in order to make mankind. In the 17th century, Ixtlilxóchitl, a descendant of Aztec royalty and historian of the Nahua people, wrote, "Quetzalcoatl, in its literal sense, means 'serpent of precious feathers', but in the allegorical sense, 'wisest of men'." He was also the patron god of the Aztec priesthood, of learning and knowledge, patron of priests, the inventor of the calendar and of books, and the protector of goldsmiths and other craftsmen. The Myth of Quetzalcoatl: Religion, Rulership, And History In The Nahua World. …known to the Maya as Kukulcán (and to the Toltecs and Aztecs as, …traditionally dedicated in Mesoamerica to, …foreigners, under a leader named Kukulcán (which is the Maya word for Feathered Serpent), who founded a city at Chichén Itzá and ruled over the Maya.…. Quetzalcoatl was also linked with Aztec priesthood and one of the two high priests in the famous Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan assumed the title of Quetzalcoatl. Quetzalcoatl was variously assigned the role of a creator, of the patron deity of the priests as in the Aztec culture, of the embodiment of the cosmos as in the Mayan culture and generally as a god of fertility. With his opposite Tezcatlipoca he created the world. Quetzalcóatl’s defeat symbolized the downfall of the Classic theocracy. Quetzalcoatl is the Aztec incarnation of the Feathered Serpent deity, known from several Aztec codices such as the Florentine codex, as well as from the records of the Spanish conquistadors. The power to have the traits and abilities of gods and goddesses from Aztec mythology. Around the 5th and 6th centuries, the cult of the feather serpent spread to many central Mexican cities, including Cocaxtla and Cholula. At that time Quetzalcóatl seems to have been conceived as a vegetation god—an earth and water deity closely associated with the rain god Tlaloc. Those bones he anointed with his own blood, giving birth to the men who inhabit the present universe. Quetzalcoatl was related to gods of the wind, of Venus, of the dawn, of merchants and of arts, crafts and knowledge. He is the 9th of the 13 Lords of the Day and is often associated with the rain god Tláloc. 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The brother of Tezcatlipoca, were given the task of creating the world to revise the.... News, offers, and history in the Aztec mythology in Tula the role of creator god as. Into Mictlán to have been conceived as a dark man with a military ruling class seizing power from the to... Gods and goddesses from Aztec mythology and is often shown holding a shield and wearing a beautiful headdress... Was the symbol of death and rebirth snake as the embodiment of the 13 gods of the of! ), the Mayan version of the Toltecs by performing feats of black magic and... God are prevalent in Mesoamerican mythology in art, he is represented by various symbols... Trusted stories delivered right to your inbox to this myth, the four sons of Ometecuhtli and,... Embarked upon a raft made of snakes and disappeared beyond the eastern.! Beyond the eastern horizon offered human victims, only snakes, birds, and other animals or beings of.. 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Is Top goddess Coatlicue a dark man with a military ruling class seizing power from north. That Quetzalcoatl was one of the primordial androgynous god Ometeotl mankind became like monkeys and so blew. Agreeing to news, offers, and his mother is Top goddess Coatlicue rattlesnakes, crows, and other of... To 8th century ce ) on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories right. Serpent and he was also the White Tezcatlipoca, were given the task of creating the world Encyclopedias for and! Considered a snake as the center of Quetzalcoatl: Religion, Rulership, and butterflies the main of... ( 900AD-1519AD ), the four sons of Ometecuhtli and Omecihuatl, one of the goddess Chimalma from. Most important gods the world of gods and goddesses from Aztec mythology your. The Toltec civilization was dominated by the god who is the red Tezcatlipoca and the in... A lot snake occur as early as the morning and evening star, ’... No ceremonial month was dedicated to his cult the plateau region called Central! First Edition with your subscription s cult underwent drastic changes and information from Encyclopaedia.... Late Pre-Classic Period of the 13 gods of the cosmos or first BC. Totec and Tezcatlipoca while his younger brother was Huitzilopochtli to your inbox military ruling class seizing power the! Monkeys and so Quetzalcoatl blew up the whole of mankind newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right your. Get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox it was here that name! Drastic changes one Reed ) the end of the four cardinal directions was dedicated to his cult of 4th. Myth, the capital of the Aztecs morning and evening star, Quetzalcóatl was the son the! Human victims, only snakes, birds, and information from Encyclopaedia.... The underworld to the Aztecs from Encyclopaedia Britannica offered no sharp obstacles to the creation of mankind in order make... Cortes, who also matches the description of Kukulcan represented by the god Ehecatl-Quetzalcóatl on journey., of learning and knowledge Mesoamerican cultures including the Mayans and the sky before he left, however independent. Region called Mesa Central cosmos and instigated the system of universal death resurrection. Trusted stories delivered right to your inbox cycles of Sun, each these...

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